July 13, 2006

Fire

Among other things, this last trip was a journey of fire. On day two I drove past a staggeringly large field of burned Joshua trees in Joshua Tree National Park, which looked very recently destroyed. I found out later that the fire had taken place just a few days before.  It rekindled, or a new one was kindled, not far away, and that one is still burning.

Also still burning, across the 29 Palms-Yucca Valley Corridor, is an even larger fire that has destroyed the rustic-twee settlement Pioneertown. One of the losses, apparently, is Pappy and Harriet’s, a legendary biker bar where once I had a beer with Sharon. The farther uphill settlement of Rimrock, where Becky and Zeke and I spent Valentine’s Weekend 2001, and where I first watched a ladderback woodpecker drilling into a joshua tree fruit for the yucca moth larva within, was evacuated last I heard, and I fear for the adjacent Pipes Canyon Preserve.

I crawled on my hands and knees through burned tamarisk thickets with the Border Patrol in 114-degree heat along the Colorado. Tamarisk burns readily. Sometimes the coyotes light fires to distract the authorities. Sometimes the migrants’ cigarettes fall in the wrong place, or monsoon lightning strikes.

On my drive back home I stopped to mourn the westernmost grove of Joshua trees in the world, almost astride Interstate 5 in the Tehachapi Range near Gorman. Some miles distant from their nearest kin, some have speculated that the grove was once part of a population in the Antelope Valley, on the other side of the mountains, and that it slid into its current location along the San Andreas Fault over thousands of years. It was another chapter of my book, this grove, and it was 99 percent burned. I took some photos.

Near Gorman

A few miles north, a huge chunk of the mountainside smouldered near Frazier Park. Wisps of smoke filtered back down to the freeway.

I stopped for lunch near Buttonwillow, and drove a few more hours. A plume of smoke above Mount Hamilton beckoned for an hour, and my suspicions were correct: It was at the head of Del Puerto Canyon. That fire is still burning.

Let me pause here to allow Mr. Cash to render in song the thoughts that filled my head:

It was not over. Outside Tracy, the Interstate starts to curl westward and over the windmill-festooned Altamont Pass, marking the beginning of home to Bay Area drivers, but my way seemed blocked. A staggering drift of smoke lay across the roadway, obviously driven by the stiff wind from a fire uphill. That wind had battered my truck for the past hour, sending me onto the shoulder more than once, and it now obscured the visibility on the road ahead.

Or so I thought. as I neared the smoke, I saw that while some of it was indeed being blown from a burn uphill, much of it was in fact rising from both sides of the road. The fire had jumped the interstate. Both sides and the median were burning, and as I slowed at the front it looked as though the pavement was on fire as well. I had entertained thoughts of driving through. If the fire was twenty feet across, or twenty yards, the truck would likely make it through unsinged. But I could not see the other side.

There were no police there, no firefighters to tell us what to do, the only authority in evidence a lone, distant helicopter slowly swinging a bucket toward the Aqueduct. We sat transfixed for a while, five semi drivers and three other pickups, seemingly hypnotized by the flames, and a few of the pickups turned and crossed the median to head south. It occurred to me that the roadcut we sat in, steep-sided and lined with tall dead grass, could with a slight windshift become a blowtorch. And there was a tanker truck pulling slowly up behind me. What chance was there that it held milk? I crossed the median as well, adding an hour to my trip, but still a good choice as the cops soon closed the freeway for several more hours after that.

And all the while I smiled, content. The westernmost grove of Joshua trees — whose loss I mourned remotely these last three years — that grove lives still. Beneath each clump of dead and blackened trees, beneath each wizened white-fibered corpse, new trees arise.

Sprouts

This may not hold to the east, where Joshua trees have not evolved in the presence of regular wildfire, but the western trees still sprout after a burn. With luck, they will slide along the fault to prosper on an altithermal future coast.

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Wildfires are no laughing matter but I did get a chuckle when I went to this gov’t website:
http://www.nifc.gov/fireinfo/nfn.html
to find out that there was a fire in the Olla Boldly Complex of the Endocrine National Forest.

I didn’t find your blog until after I moved from Oakland to Floyd Co a few months ago.  Love it here but it’s nice to maintain some connections to the Bay Area and the desert via your writing and photography.

Thank you for writing this.

Pappy and Harriet’s and most of the the ‘movie set town’ was saved but over 40 homes have been lost.

Images, including Pappy and Harriet’s still standing can be found here: http://desertsun.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage

Unfortunately rumor has it that somewhere you’ve visited, Rim Rock Ranch, has lost the main house while the cabins are still standing.

Chris,

Thanks so much for writing this, and for your entire website. I just discovered it yesterday.

Thought I would add a few things regarding the desert fire. A recent newspaper article in the local Desert Sun quoted an observer who indicated that the fire around Pipes Canyon was driven by native wildflowers and that it probably wouldn’t burn again for another century. There are some serious problems with these conclusions because they imply the fire is a totally natural event without serious ecological consequences. Not true.

First of all I think it is important that folks realize that it is difficult to get a good handle on exactly what the historic fire regime was in the Mojave Desert before humans (including Native Americans) began to muck it up. This is because we don’t have solid data sets like tree ring fire scars to count. This is similar to the situation in chaparral systems in California. And it is exactly this uncertainty that is the primary reason why all of us should be very careful when talking to the public about such issues.

It’s too early yet to determine all the variables that shaped this fire, but from my knowledge of other desert fires in the region, this one was probably heavily influenced by invasive, non-native weeds. All the firefighters I know who are familiar with the area have agreed with the perspective that the record rain fall was the determining factor in building up the vegetation that fueled the fire. The actual species mix of the fuel is a different issue.

Invasives are having a serious, detrimental impact on native ecosystems. Invasives are fueling fires and extirpating keystone species (animal and plant) at a rate that is not normal based on what we know. From buffelgrass in Arizona (being genetically strengthened by the USDA and supplied to Mexican ranchers) to cheatgrass and Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in California and the Great Basin, invasives are in the process of dramatically altering many desert landscapes American’s have come to love. Cheatgrass has become especially widespread in Nevada and Utah and is causing the loss of Big Basin Sage and other desert plants over wide areas there due to increased fire frequency. The suggestion that the area currently burning in the Mojave will probably not burn for another century is not a reasonable conclusion.

Yes, deserts have burned naturally in the past, but based on the data collected by a large number of ecologists, they are burning more frequently now than they ever have. And that’s the rub. Like chaparral, native desert systems can not survive increasing fire frequencies fueled by species that did not exist there 200 years ago. Sahara mustard may not have played an important role in the 2005 Hackberry Complex fire in the Mojave National Monument (MNM), but other invasive species did, especially Bromus species. Although I was not on the Hackberry fire, members of the fire crew I trained with told me they were putting out flames that were coming off the same kinds of weeds you see in any area that has been subject to past grazing activity. Where grazing is allowed, clean systems become quickly contaminated with weed seeds.

If any one fact is important to remember, it is that over a million acres of Mojave and Sonoran Desert was burned in 2005, the worst fire year in the deserts’ history…so far. And this was not because of the usual boogeyman, fuel build up ala past fire suppression practices. From what little we know about fire return intervals in these deserts, it is possible much of this land had not burned since the Pleistocene.

After spending some time looking into all this over the last couple years, it is my opinion that focusing on native species as the main driver of this current desert wildfire (as the quoted in the Desert Sun article) without clearly indicating the significance of invasives communicates an inaccurate message. And more significantly, it will contribute to perpetuating the growing conventional mythology that native plants are responsible for wildfires and the best way to stop those fires is by getting rid of them. With development encroaching on wildlands in every state, more and more native habitat is being compromised. If the public thinks the native stuff is the primary wildfire issue (not the myriad of other variables such as the lack of connection with the natural landscape), irrational, fear-driven vegetation clearance activities will play a significant role in eliminating what nature remains after the golf courses go in.

Things like this can get folks emotional. Although emotion certainly needs to be removed from the scientific process, it always seems to sneak in there from time to time. Maybe a little more emotional energy is what is required to help folks get the message?

jimhart

Scott, thanks for the updates. That was a nice house there at Rimrock Ranch. Becky and I started thinking seriously of moving to Rimrock after we visited, and then life intervened. As you can imagine, our feelings are now mixed. Good to hear that my expectations re: Pioneertown were slightly more pessimistic than necessary, though the photos are still wrenching.

jimhart, yep. At least in the Sonoran Desert, according to Julio Betancourt, there were fires in places where there had been none since the Pleistocene.

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